Background
Ultraviolet or UV radiation makes up part of the electromagnetic spectrum of light, light with wavelengths shorter than the human eye can 'see'. It falls within the 100 to 400 nanometre (nm) wavelength range, just below visible light. It is divided into three main bands: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm).
Exposure to UV-A-radiation increases with altitude—by approximately 10–15% per 1,000 metres. Additional intensity arises near the equator and the poles, due to stratospheric ozone thinning. Reflections from cloud tops, snow, or water can further amplify exposure levels.
UV-A radiation has a longer wavelength and lower energy compared to the others. It is capable of penetrating deeper into the skin and is associated with tanning, pigmentation, and premature aging. Once considered harmless, long-term exposure to UV-A is now known to have detrimental health effects. UV-A is not filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer and can penetrate glass, including some cockpit windows.
Recommendations
Aircraft design and equipment
The UV-blocking properties of cockpit windows should be established as a certification requirement, and all insufficient windows should be upgraded or replaced.
Operational measures
Where UV protection is inadequate or uncertain, flight crews should use installed shading systems throughout the flight.
Personal protection
In addition to technical solutions, personal protective measures (such as long-sleeved clothing, sunscreen and high-quality sunglasses) are highly effective in reducing UV exposure.
Training and awareness
Airlines should provide training for the crew on the risks of UV radiation and be comprehensively informed of effective protection strategies such as regular dermatological screenings.
Consultation and risk management
Airlines should consult with flight crew and their representatives on health and safety matters, including make an assessment of UV exposure and implementing appropriate procedures to minimise risk.
Conclusion
Pilots are exposed to significantly elevated levels of UV-A radiation during flight, which contributes to increased health risks, including skin cancer and cataracts. While UV-B and UV-C have traditionally been the primary focus, emerging evidence highlights the urging need for vigilance and for protection against UV-A.
A combination of engineering controls, operational measures, personal protective strategies, and increased awareness (through training, health screening and staff involvement) will help ensure a safer working environment for all flight crew members. Long-term occupational health requires that UV protection becomes a standard component of cockpit design and crew safety culture.
ECA. October 2025.